• br Acknowledgments We thank the anonymous reviewers

  2024-04-12

  

  Acknowledgments We thank the anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments on the manuscript, and also thank Dr. Hans-U. Dahms for his comments on the manuscript. This work was supported by a grant from the National Research Foundation (2009-0071218) funded to Young-Mi Lee. This work was al

• br Introduction Lipoxygenases LOXs are

  2024-04-11

  

  Introduction Lipoxygenases (LOXs) are a heterogeneous family of enzymes that catalyze the peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). By oxidizing free PUFAs, they were shown to contribute to the generation of various bioactive lipid mediators. However, LOX-mediated oxidation of PUFAs es

• The known crystal structures of

  2024-04-11

  

  The known crystal structures of class C GPCR VFTs do not include attached TM domains, therefore current conformational data may not accurately reflect the dynamics of extracellular domains in full-length receptors. Nevertheless, compelling mechanisms of signal transduction can still be postulated. S

• Another factor that is involved

  2024-04-11

  

  Another factor that is involved in the severity of EAE is apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1), which is one of a growing number of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase kinases identified in the upstream of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase and p38 MAPK pathways [12]. We previously report

• As with most G protein coupled receptors GPCRs sustained

  2024-04-11

  

  As with most G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), sustained activation of APJ can cause desensitization and this has been reported to occur for APJ-mediated effects on cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration, as well as for effects on activity of adenylyl cyclase, ERK and Akt (Ishida et al., 2004, Masri et a

• The transcription factor activator protein AP

  2024-04-11

  

  The transcription factor activator protein-1 (AP-1) is a redox-sensitive transcription factor whose activity is controlled by agents that perturb intracellular thiol concentrations [10,11]. AP-1 is mainly composed of Jun, Fos, and ATF protein dimers [12,13]. AP-1 mediates the regulation of numerous

• The PDZ domains of DLG interact with tumor suppressor protei

  2024-04-11

  

  The PDZ domains of DLG interact with tumor suppressor proteins, APC and PTEN, as well as with several viral oncoproteins such as the E6 protein present in oncogenic human papillomavirus (reviewed in [177]). It has been reported that overexpression of DLG in fibroblasts impairs the events in the G0/G

• br Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives Herein we have

  2024-04-11

  

  Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives Herein, we have highlighted our current understanding of the role of the LKB1-AMPK pathway and its related kinases in β cell biology. β cell-specific genetic models have been particularly useful in delineating precise roles for individual family members

• br We approached the definition of

  2024-04-11

  

  We approached the definition of AD with the distinction between a syndrome and a disease in mind. Some will argue that a specific syndrome, that is, a multidomain amnestic dementia (after other potential etiologies have been excluded), should define AD in living people. Our position, however, is t

• br Results and discussion br

  2024-04-11

  

  Results and discussion Conclusion The tyrosine kinase ALK represents one of the most successful molecular targets for the development of precise medicine to treat stratified subgroups of cancer patients. Three generations of ALK inhibitors have been awarded the FDA's approval or are being ext

• Studies on both TCDD treated mice and AhR

  2024-04-11

  

  Studies on both TCDD treated mice and AhR null mice have also pointed to a role of AhR in hematopoiesis [65], [66]. Singh et al. showed that AhR is a negative regulator of HSC (hematopoietic stem cell) proliferation, while deletion of AhR leads to spleen enlargement in juvenile and adult mice [67].

• br Adenosine receptors and innate immunity Monocytes and

  2024-04-10

  

  Adenosine receptors and innate immunity Monocytes and macrophages. All four adenosine receptor subtypes are expressed on monocytes and macrophages, and their levels and function undergo significant changes during the maturation of macrophages from monocytes. Indeed, quiescent monocytes are charac

• Adenosine is a ubiquitous homeostatic purine nucleoside that

  2024-04-10

  

  Adenosine is a ubiquitous homeostatic purine nucleoside that accumulates extracellularly in response to metabolic stresses such as hypoxia and inflammation. Activation of either G protein-coupled adenosine receptors (ARs; A1R, A2AR, A2BR, and A3R) by extracellular adenosine can modulate cell signali

• br Experimental section br Results and discussion

  2024-04-10

  

  Experimental section Results and discussion Conclusion Acknowledgements This work was financially supported by Recruitment Program of Global Experts, and the Director Foundation of XTIPC, CAS, Grant No. 2015RC011. This work was also financially supported by Natural Science Foundation of

• In an effort to determine if one

  2024-04-10

  

  In an effort to determine if one 5ARI was more effective than the other, the Enlarged Prostate International Comparator Study (EPICS) [17] compared treatment with finasteride and dutasteride in 1630 men over the age of 50 and concluded that after one year of treatment, both groups had statistically

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